śatṛ and śānac

To conclude this unit, let's learn about the pratyayas śatṛ̐ and śānac, which create words like the following:

• गच्छन्
  gacchan
  while going
  

• लभमानः
  labhamānaḥ
  while obtaining
  

śatṛ̐ and śānac are sārvadhātuka pratyayas, so the changes they cause differ slightly from the changes caused by the ārdhadhātuka kṛt-pratyayas that we have seen so far.

Defining the pratyayas

śatṛ̐ and śānac are replacements for la̐ṭ and lṛ̐ṭ:

• वर्तमाने लट्। ३.२.१२३
  vartamāne laṭ (3.2.123)
  vartamāne laṭ
  [The pratyaya] la̐ṭ [is added after a dhātu] in the sense of present action.

• लटः शतृशनचावप्रथमासमानाधिकरणे। ३.२.१२४
  laṭaḥ śatṛśanacāvaprathamāsamānādhikaraṇe (3.2.124)
  la̐ṭaḥ śatṛ̐-śānacau a-prathamā-samānādhikaraṇe
  la̐ṭ is replaced by śatṛ̐ or śānac when not coreferent with a [nominal] in the first [vibhakti],

• लक्षणहेत्वोः क्रियायाः। ३.२.१२६
  lakṣaṇahetvoḥ kriyāyāḥ (3.2.126)
  lakṣaṇa-hetvoḥ kriyāyāḥ
  or when it is a sign or cause of the action.

• तौ सत्। ३.२.१२७
  tau sat (3.2.127)
  tau sat
  These two [pratyayas] are called sat.

• लृटः सद्वा। ३.३.१४
  lṛṭaḥ sadvā (3.3.14)
  lṛ̐ṭaḥ sat vā
  sat optionally replaces lṛ̐ṭ.

But how do we decide whether to use śatṛ̐ or śānac? Simply, we use the one that matches the pada that the dhātu requires. Recall these two rules:

• लः परस्मैपदम्। १.४.९९
  laḥ parasmaipadam (1.4.99)
  laḥ parasmaipadam
  [The replacements for] laḥ are called parasmaipada.

• तङानावात्मनेपदम्। १.४.१००
  taṅānāvātmanepadam (1.4.100)
  taṅ-ānau ātmanepadam
  The taṅ pratyayas and [the pratyaya] āna are called ātmanepada.

By rule 1.4.99, śatṛ̐ is parasmaipada and replaces a parasmaipada pratyaya. And likewise, śānac is ātmanepada by rule 1.4.100 and replaces an ātmanepada pratyaya.

Adding vikaraṇas

Since śatṛ̐ and śānac are both śit, they are both sārvadhātuka pratyayas:

• तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्। ३.४.११३
  tiṅśitsārvadhātukam (3.4.113)
  tiṅ-śit sārvadhātukam
  tiṅ pratyayas and śit kṛt pratyayas are called sārvadhātuka.

which means that they allow the normal vikaraṇa rules to apply. For example:

• कर्तरि शप्। ३.१.६८
  kartari śap (3.1.68)
  kartari śap
  [The kṛt pratyaya] śap [is added] in kartari-prayoga (agentive usage) [after the dhātu when a sārvadhātuka suffix follows].

For a larger list of such rules, refer back to our lesson on vikaraṇas.

Otherwise, these pratyayas cause the standard sound changes.

Sample prakriyas

bhavat is derived as follows:

1. bhū1.3.1 bhūvādayo dhātavaḥ
2. bhū la̐ṭ3.2.123 vartamāne laṭ
3. bhū l1.3.2 upadeśe'janunāsika it
   1.3.3 halantyam
   1.3.9 tasya lopaḥ
4. bhū l1.3.78 śeṣāt kartari parasmaipadam
5. bhū śatṛ̐3.2.124 laṭaḥ śatṛśanacāvaprathamāsamānādhikaraṇe
6. bhū at1.3.2 upadeśe'janunāsika it
   1.3.8 laśakvataddhite
   1.3.9 tasya lopaḥ
7. bhū śap at3.1.68 kartari śap
8. bhū a at1.3.3 halantyam
   1.3.8 laśakvataddhite
   1.3.9 tasya lopaḥ
9. bho a at7.3.84 sārvadhātukārdhadhātukayoḥ
10. bhav a at6.1.78 eco'yavāyāvaḥ
11. bhavat6.1.97 ato guṇe

This prakriyā uses rule 6.1.97, which prevents the bad result *bhavāt:

• अतो गुणे। ६.१.९७
  ato guṇe (6.1.97)
  ataḥ guṇe
  [Non-word-final] a is deleted when a guṇa [vowel] follows.

śṛṇvat is derived as follows:

1. śru1.3.1 bhūvādayo dhātavaḥ
2. śru la̐ṭ3.2.123 vartamāne laṭ
3. śru l1.3.2 upadeśe'janunāsika it
   1.3.3 halantyam
   1.3.9 tasya lopaḥ
4. śru l1.3.78 śeṣāt kartari parasmaipadam
5. śru śatṛ̐3.2.124 laṭaḥ śatṛśanacāvaprathamāsamānādhikaraṇe
6. śru at1.3.2 upadeśe'janunāsika it
   1.3.8 laśakvataddhite
   1.3.9 tasya lopaḥ
7. śṛ śnu at3.1.74 śruvaḥ śṛ ca
8. śṛ śnu at1.3.8 laśakvataddhite
   1.3.9 tasya lopaḥ
9. śṛ nu at1.2.4 sārvadhātukamapit
10. śṛ nv at6.1.77 iko yaṇaci
11. śṛṇvat8.4.1 raṣābhyāṃ no ṇaḥ samānapade

This prakriyā uses rule 1.2.4, which prevents the bad result *śarṇvat:

• सार्वधातुकमपित्। १.२.४
  sārvadhātukamapit (1.2.4)
  sārvadhātukam a-pit
  sārvadhātuka [suffixes] that are not pit [are treated as ṅit].