The hu class
Also known as: class 3, juhotyādigaṇa (“the group starting with juhoti”)
The last class we will consider is the hu class. The hu class forms its stems in a unique way. It does not use a special suffix, and we do not insert any new sounds. Instead, we double the root in a special way:
हु → जुहु
hu → juhu
offer
Then the strong stem uses a strengthened vowel and the weak stem has no extra change:
जुहोति।
juhoti.
(Someone) offers.जुहुतः।
juhutaḥ.
(The two of them) offer.
Basic rules of doubling
Long vowels become short:
दा दा → ददा
dā dā → dadā
Aspirated sounds become unaspirated:
धा धा → दधा
dhā dhā → dadhā
Sounds pronounced at the soft palate (ka) shift to the hard palate (ca):
कि कि → चिकि
ki ki → cikiहु हु → जुहु
hu hu → juhu
There are other minor rules, but these are the common patterns.
Irregular roots
The hu class has many irregular roots. The most important are dā (“give”) and dhā (“place”). dā uses the strong stem dadā and uses weak stem dad:
रामः फलं सीतायै ददाति।
rāmaḥ phalaṃ sītāyai dadāti.
Rama gives the fruit to Sita.ते फलानि रामाय ददति।
te phalāni rāmāya dadati.
They give the fruits to Rama.
It also has the irregular command form dehi:
देहि मे फलम्!
dehi me phalam!
Give me a fruit!
dhā generally follows the same pattern as dā.
Endings of the hu class
The hu class generally uses the same parasmaipada endings as the other complex classes. In the present tense, we use -ati instead of -anti:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd | जुहोति juhoti | जुहुतः juhutaḥ | जुह्वति juhvati |
| 2nd | जुहोषि juhoṣi | जुहुथः juhuthaḥ | जुहुथ juhutha |
| 1st | जुहोमि juhomi | जुहुवः juhuvaḥ | जुहुमः juhumaḥ |
The command mood is normal, but we use the ending -dhi instead of -hi:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd | जुहोतु juhotu | जुहुताम् juhutām | जुह्वतु juhvatu |
| 2nd | जुहुधि juhudhi | जुहुतम् juhutam | जुहुत juhuta |
| 1st | जुहवानि juhavāni | जुहवाव juhavāva | जुहवाम juhavāma |
The ordinary past tense is normal, but we use the ending -uḥ instead of -an. This ending causes a vowel change, so we get ajuhavuḥ instead of *ajuhuvuḥ:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd | अजुहोत् ajuhot | अजुहुताम् ajuhutām | अजुहवुः ajuhavuḥ |
| 2nd | अजुहोः ajuhoḥ | अजुहुतम् ajuhutam | अजुहुत ajuhuta |
| 1st | अजुहवम् ajuhavam | अजुहुव ajuhuva | अजुहुम ajuhuma |
And the potential mood is normal:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd | जुहुयात् juhuyāt | जुहुयाताम् juhuyātām | जुहुयुः juhuyuḥ |
| 2nd | जुहुयाः juhuyāḥ | जुहुयातम् juhuyātam | जुहुयात juhuyāta |
| 1st | जुहुयाम् juhuyām | जुहुयाव juhuyāva | जुहुयाम juhuyāma |
The ātmanepada endings are the same as for the other complex classes.
Review
We have now seen all ten of the Sanskrit verb classes. Below, you can see all ten of these classes in their traditional order. We illustrate the ad class with the root dviṣ, and we leave the weak stem blank for roots in the simple verb classes:
| Class | Strong stem | Weak stem |
|---|---|---|
| भू bhū | भव bhava | — — |
| अद् ad | द्वेष् dveṣ | द्विष् dviṣ |
| हु hu | जुहो juho | जुहु juhu |
| दिव् div | दीव्य dīvya | — — |
| सु su | सुनो suno | सुनु sunu |
| तुद् tud | तुद tuda | — — |
| रुध् rudh | रुनध् runadh | रुन्ध् rundh |
| तन् tan | तनो tano | तनु tanu |
| क्री krī | क्रीणा krīṇā | क्रीणी krīṇī |
| चुर् cur | चोरय coraya | — — |
As you read and listen to more Sanskrit, you will be able to use these classes instinctively.
How do we double the root dā?
How do we double the root bhī?