atiśāyana

Four taddhitas convey the sense of atiśāyana (“excellence” or “excess”): tarap, tamap, īyasu̐n, and iṣṭhan.

These four taddhitas are specified in the following rules:

• अतिशायने तमबिष्ठनौ। ५.३.५५
  atiśāyane tamabiṣṭhanau (5.3.55)
  atiśāyane tamap-iṣṭhanau
  In the sense of supremacy, tamap or iṣṭhan [is optionally added as a taddhita-pratyaya].

• तिङश्च। ५.३.५६
  tiṅaśca (5.3.56)
  tiṅaḥ ca
  And [they can also be used in the same sense] after a tiṅ-pratyaya.

• द्विवचनविभज्योपपदे तरबीयसुनौ। ५.३.५७
  dvivacanavibhajyopapade tarabīyasunau (5.3.57)
  dvivacana-vibhajya-upapade tarap-īyasu̐nau
  [Under the same conditions], when describing two [concepts] or when making a distinction, tarap or īyasu̐n (is used).

• अजादी गुणवचनादेव। ५.३.५८
  ajādī guṇavacanādeva (5.3.58)
  ac-ādī guṇavacanāt eva
  The two starting with vowels (i.e. iṣṭhan and īyasu̐n) are used only after [prātipadikas] denoting quality.

Sound changes

tarap and tamap follow the general rules and cause no extra sound changes.

īyasu̐n and iṣṭhan cause lopa of the prātipadika's last segment. First, recall the definition of the term ṭi:

• अचोऽन्त्यादि टि। १.१.६४
  aco'ntyādi ṭi (1.1.64)
  acaḥ antya-ādi ṭi
  From the last vowel onward is called ṭi.

With this term, we can define the relevant lopa rules:

• तुरिष्ठेमेयस्सु। ६.४.१५४
  turiṣṭhemeyassu (6.4.154)
  tuḥ iṣtha-iman-īyassu
  The final tṛ [pratyaya] [of an aṅga undergoes lopa] when followed by [the pratyayas] iṣṭha, iman, or īyas.

• टेः। ६.४.१५५
  ṭeḥ (6.4.155)
  ṭeḥ
  [Otherwise, these pratyayas condition lopa] of the ṭi [of the aṅga].

Rule 6.4.155 will cause changes like the following:

• लघु + इष्ठन् → लघिष्ठ
  laghu + iṣṭhan → laghiṣṭha
  lightest
  

Sample prakriyās

For tarap:

1. sundara1.2.45 arthavadadhāturapratyayaḥ prātipadikam
2. sundara tarap5.3.57 dvivacanavibhajyopapade tarabīyasunau
3. sundaratara1.3.3 halantyam
   1.3.9 tasya lopaḥ

For tamap:

1. sundara1.2.45 arthavadadhāturapratyayaḥ prātipadikam
2. sundara tamap5.3.55 atiśāyane tamabiṣṭhanau
3. sundaratama1.3.3 halantyam
   1.3.9 tasya lopaḥ

For īyasu̐n:

1. laghu1.2.45 arthavadadhāturapratyayaḥ prātipadikam
2. laghu īyasu̐n5.3.57 dvivacanavibhajyopapade tarabīyasunau
3. laghu īyas1.3.2 upadeśe'janunāsika it
   1.3.3 halantyam
   1.3.9 tasya lopaḥ
4. laghīyas6.4.155 ṭeḥ

For iṣṭhan:

1. laghu1.2.45 arthavadadhāturapratyayaḥ prātipadikam
2. laghu iṣṭhan5.3.55 atiśāyane tamabiṣṭhanau
3. laghu iṣṭha1.3.3 halantyam
   1.3.9 tasya lopaḥ
4. laghiṣṭha6.4.155 ṭeḥ