kṛtya

Let's begin by studying a subtype of the kṛt-pratyaya called kṛtya. kṛtya-pratyayas include common suffixes like -tavya and -anīya. They generally convey the sense that something “should be done” or “must be done.”

Defining the pratyaya

We start with a new adhikāra:

• कृत्याः। ३.१.९५
  kṛtyāḥ (3.1.95)
  kṛtyāḥ
  … is a kṛtya suffix.

The rules that follow this adhikāra define all of the members of the class, but since the list is quite long, we include only a few of the more common ones:

• तव्यत्तव्यानीयरः। ३.१.९६
  tavyattavyānīyaraḥ (3.1.96)
  tavyat-tavya-anīyaraḥ
  [The following are called kṛtya, kṛt, and pratyaya and follow a dhātu]: tavyat, tavya, and anīyar;

• अचो यत्। ३.१.९७
  aco yat (3.1.97)
  acaḥ yat
  After vowels, yat;

• ऋहलोर्ण्यत्। ३.१.१२४
  ṛhalorṇyat (3.1.124)
  ṛ-haloḥ ṇyat
  After ṛ, ṝ, or a consonant, ṇyat.

All of these pratyayas are stated in their upadeśa form. Here, the last t on tavyat, yat, and ṇyat is stated for accent purposes; by rule 6.1.185 (titsvaritam), all three of these pratyayas will have a svarita on their first vowels.

Meanwhile, the meaning of the kṛtya-pratyayas is defined later in chapter 3:

• आवश्यकाधमर्ण्ययोर्णिनिः। ३.३.१७०
  āvaśyakādhamarṇyayorṇiniḥ (3.3.170)
  āvaśyaka-ādhamarṇyayoḥ ṇini̐ḥ
  The [pratyaya] ṇini̐ is used in the sense of āvaśyaka (necessity) or ādhamarṇya (owing a debt).

• कृत्याश्च। ३.३.१७१
  kṛtyāśca (3.3.171)
  kṛtyāḥ ca
  Likewise for the kṛtya [pratyayas],

• शकि लिङ्च। ३.३.१७२
  śaki liṅca (3.3.172)
  śaki liṅ ca
  which, along with liṅ, also has the sense of śak (to be capable of).

kṛtya expresses only karmaṇi and bhāve prayoga, per rule 3.4.69 below:

• लः कर्मणि च भावे चाकर्मकेभ्यः। ३.४.६९
  laḥ karmaṇi ca bhāve cākarmakebhyaḥ (3.4.69)
  laḥ karmaṇi ca bhāve ca akarmakebhyaḥ
  The lakāras denote [kartari prayoga] as well as karmaṇi and bhāve prayoga when the verb is akarmaka (intransitive).

• तयोरेव कृत्यक्तखलर्थाः। ३.४.७०
  tayoreva kṛtyaktakhalarthāḥ (3.4.70)
  tayoḥ eva kṛtya-kta-khalarthāḥ
  kṛtya, kta, and [a pratyaya] having the meaning of khal express these two [i.e. karmaṇi and bhāve prayoga].

Sound changes

kṛtya-pratyayas follow the normal pattern of all kṛt-pratyayas and generally cause guṇa changes to the vowel in the aṅga.

Sample prakriyās

Here are some example prakriyās that use the rules above. Typically, only the essential rules of a prakriyā are provided. But for clarity, we will include all of the applicable rules here.

First, an example with kṛ and tavya-pratyaya. Since kṛ has an anudātta accent in its upadeśa form, it is prevented from using the connecting iṭ vowel by rule 7.2.10:

1. ḍukṛñ1.3.1 bhūvādayo dhātavaḥ
2. kṛ1.3.3 halantyam
   1.3.5 ādirñiṭuḍavaḥ
   1.3.9 tasya lopaḥ
3. kṛ tavya3.3.171 kṛtyāśca
   3.1.96 tavyattavyānīyaraḥ
   3.4.114 ārdhadhātukaṃ śeṣaḥ
4. kṛ tavya7.2.10 ekāca upadeśe'nudāttāt
5. kartavya7.3.84 sārvadhātukārdhadhātukayoḥ
   1.1.51 uraṇ raparaḥ

Next, an example with bhū and tavya-pratyaya again. Since bhū does not have an anudātta accent in its upadeśa form, it uses the connecting iṭ vowel by rule 7.2.35:

1. bhū1.3.1 bhūvādayo dhātavaḥ
2. bhū tavya3.3.171 kṛtyāśca
   3.1.96 tavyattavyānīyaraḥ
   3.4.114 ārdhadhātukaṃ śeṣaḥ
3. bhū iṭ tavya7.2.35 ārdhadhātukasyeḍ valādeḥ
4. bhū i tavya1.3.3 halantyam
   1.3.9 tasya lopaḥ
5. bho i tavya7.3.84 sārvadhātukārdhadhātukayoḥ
6. bhavitavya6.1.78 eco'yavāyāvaḥ

Third, an example with bhū and anīya-pratyaya. Since anīya starts with a vowel, it is not in scope for 7.2.35 (ārdhadhātukasyeḍ valādeḥ), which would otherwise add a connecting iṭ vowel:

1. bhū1.3.1 bhūvādayo dhātavaḥ
2. bhū anīya3.3.171 kṛtyāśca
   3.1.96 tavyattavyānīyaraḥ
   3.4.114 ārdhadhātukaṃ śeṣaḥ
3. bho anīya7.3.84 sārvadhātukārdhadhātukayoḥ
4. bhavanīya6.1.78 eco'yavāyāvaḥ

Fourth, an example with kṛ and ṇyat-pratyaya. Since ṇyat has ṇ as an it, it causes a vṛddhi change instead of a guṇa change:

1. ḍukṛñ1.3.1 bhūvādayo dhātavaḥ
2. kṛ1.3.3 halantyam
   1.3.5 ādirñiṭuḍavaḥ
   1.3.9 tasya lopaḥ
3. kṛ ṇyat3.3.171 kṛtyāśca
   3.1.124 ṛhalorṇyat
   3.4.114 ārdhadhātukaṃ śeṣaḥ
4. kṛ ya1.3.3 halantyam
   1.3.7 cuṭū
   1.3.9 tasya lopaḥ
5. kārya7.2.115 aco ñṇiti
   1.1.51 uraṇ raparaḥ

Finally, an example with bhū and yat-pratyaya:

1. bhū1.3.1 bhūvādayo dhātavaḥ
2. bhū yat3.3.171 kṛtyāśca
   3.1.97 aco yat
   3.4.114 ārdhadhātukaṃ śeṣaḥ
3. bhū ya1.3.3 halantyam
   1.3.9 tasya lopaḥ
4. bho ya7.3.84 sārvadhātukārdhadhātukayoḥ
5. bhavya6.1.79 vānto yi pratyaye

For bhavya, we use rule 6.1.79, which we have not previously seen:

• एचो ऽयवायावः। ६.१.७८
  eco 'yavāyāvaḥ (6.1.78)
  ecaḥ ay-av-āy-āvaḥ
  An ec vowel becomes ay, av, āy, or āv, respectively [when a vowel follows in saṃhitā].

• वान्तो यि प्रत्यये। ६.१.७९
  vānto yi pratyaye (6.1.79)
  va-antaḥ yi pratyaye
  (The changes ending in) v (i.e. o to av and au to āv) (take effect) when followed by the y of a pratyaya.