Three Missing Endings

All throughout this guide, we have avoided studying two endings from the second person and one ending from the third person. The simple reason for this exclusion is that these endings rarely occur occur. Before, it was simply not worth the time to study these three endings. But now that we're bringing our Sanskrit studies here to a close, we might as well learn them.

A verb is in one of two verb classes (simple / complex), takes one of two "modes" (parasmaipada / ātmanepada), and appears in four forms that rely on the verb's class (present tense, ordinary past tense, option mood, command mood). Since we have skipped 3 endings from each table, this gives us 48 endings to study in theory. But in practice, this number is lower. Moreover, regular correspondences make the endings easier to remember.

In the tables below, all endings are attached directly to the stem.

Present Tense

Three endings (all verb classes, P)
—	Singular	Dual	Plural
Third Person		तः taḥ
Second Person		थः thaḥ	थ tha

Three endings (simple verb classes, A)
—	Singular	Dual	Plural
Third Person		ईते īte
Second Person		ईथे īthe	ध्वे dhve

Three endings (complex verb classes, A)
—	Singular	Dual	Plural
Third Person		आते āte
Second Person		आथे āthe	ध्वे dhve

The ī in the second set of endings produces forms like labhete.

Ordinary Past Tense & Command Mood

Three endings (all verb classes, P)
—	Singular	Dual	Plural
Third Person		ताम् tām
Second Person		तम् tam	त ta

Three endings (simple verb classes, A)
—	Singular	Dual	Plural
Third Person		ईताम् ītām
Second Person		ईथाम् īthām	ध्वम् dhvam

Three endings (complex verb classes, A)
—	Singular	Dual	Plural
Third Person		आताम् ātām
Second Person		आथाम् āthām	ध्वम् dhvam

Option Mood

The endings for the option mood are the same as the ones for the ordinary past tense and the command mood. However, these endings use a special prefix to indicate that the option mood is in effect.

Simple para	Complex para	Simple & Complex ātma
ī	yā	īyā

The prefix īyā replaces the ā/ī already at the front of these endings, and the 2nd-person plural is slightly different:

Three endings (all verb classes, A)
—	Singular	Dual	Plural
Third Person		ईयाताम् īyātām
Second Person		ईयाथाम् īyāthām	ईध्वम् īdhvam