अथ प्रथमाध्यायस्य तृतीयः पादः (1.3)
- भूवादयो धातवः
- The words in the list starting with bhū are called dhātu ["verb roots"].
- उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्
- In an upadeśa ["original enunciation," i.e. something you could find in a list of suffixes, verb roots, ...], nasalized vowels are it ["indicatory"], as are the following:
- हलन्त्यम्
- final consonants,
- न विभक्तौ तुस्माः
- although letters from tu, s, and m are not indicatory when at the end of a case affix;
- आदिर्ञिटुडवः
- initial ñi, ṭu, and ḍu;
- षः प्रत्ययस्य
- and these letters when they're the initial letter of an affix: ṣ;
- चुटू
- letters from cu or ṭu [SCV says that this isn't always true];
- लशक्वतद्धिते
- and l, ś, and the letters from kavarga, as long as the affix is not a taddhita affix.
- तस्य लोपः
- All it terms are deleted.
- यथासंख्यम् अनुदेशः समानाम्
- When a list of terms is given with an equally long list of substitutes, the substitute replaces the corresponding term in the list.
- स्वरितेनाधिकारः
- The svarita accent indicates an adhikāra rule.
- अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम्
- Roots with an indicatory ṅ or svarita accent are followed by ātmanepada affixes,
- भावकर्म्मणोः
- and these affixes follow verbs of state and passive verbs [literally, "object" verbs].
- कर्त्तरि कर्म्मव्यतिहारे
- ātmanepada affixes are used in these situations: when the action is reciprocal,
- न गतिहिंसार्थेभ्यः
- but not with verbs implying motion or injury,
- इतरेतरान्योन्योपपदाच्च
- nor when itaretara ["each other"] or anyonya ["one another"] is used to qualify the verb.
- नेर्विशः
- ātmanepada affixes are used after the following verbs: viś when it is used with nī;
- परिव्यवेभ्यः क्रियः
- krī when it is used with pari, vi, or ava;
- विपराभ्यां जेः
- ji when it is used with vi or parā;
- आङो दोऽनास्यविहरणे
- dā when it used after ā and the result does not mean "to open the mouth";
- क्रीडोऽनुसम्परिभ्यश्च
- krīḍ when it is used with anu, sam, pari, or ā [ā carries over from the previous rule];
- समवप्रविभ्यः स्थः
- sthā when it is used with sam, ava, pra, or vi;
- प्रकाशनस्थेयाख्ययोश्च
- sthā when it means "reveal" or "consult an arbitrator";
- उदोऽनूर्द्ध्वकर्मणि
- sthā when it used after ud and does not mean "rise up";
- उपान्मन्त्रकरणे
- sthā when it it used after upa and either means "adore"
- अकर्मकाच्च
- or exists without an object;
- उद्विभ्यां तपः
- and these verbs when they're used without objects ["without an object" comes from the previous rule] : tap when it is used with ud or vi;
- आङो यमहनः
- yam and han when they are used after ā;
- समो गम्यृच्छिप्रच्छिस्वरत्यर्तिश्रुविदिभ्यः
- and gam, ṛch, prach, svar, ṛ, śru, and vid when they are used after sam.
- निसमुपविभ्यो ह्वः
- ātmanepada affixes are used after the following verbs: hve when it either is used after ni, sam, upa, or vi,
- स्पर्द्धायामाङः
- or is used after ā and implies competition;
- गन्धनावक्षेपणसेवनसाहसिक्यप्रतियत्नप्रकथनोपयोगेषु कृञः
- kṛ when it means "point out," "despise," "serve," "use violence," "cause change," "utter," or "act for a purpose;
- अधेः प्रसहने
- kṛ when it is used with adhi and has the sense of "overcoming" or "enduring";
- वेः शब्दकर्म्मणः
- kṛ when it is used with vi and either means "making sound"
- अकर्मकाच्च
- or is used without an object;
- सम्माननोत्सञ्जनाचार्यकरणज्ञानभृतिविगणनव्ययेषु नियः
- nī when it implies respect, lifting something up, guiding somebody, investigating, hiring somebody, paying a debt of some kind, or spending money on something;
- कर्तृस्थे चाशरीरे कर्मणि
- and nī when its object is something non-physical that is within the subject [e.g. anger].
- वृत्तिसर्गतायनेषु क्रमः
- ātmanepada affixes are used after kram in these situations: when it implies continuity, energy, or good progress,
- उपपराभ्याम्
- even if it is used with upa or para;
- आङ उद्गमने
- when it is used with ā and implies the rising of some celestial body;
- वेः पादविहरणे
- when it is used with vi and implies movement on foot;
- प्रोपाभ्यां समर्थाभ्याम्
- when it is used with pra or upa and implies commencement of some action;
- अनुपसर्गाद्वा
- and optionally when it has no upasarga at all.
- अपह्नवे ज्ञः
- ātmanepada affixes are used after the following verbs: jñā when it implies concealment or deceit,
- अकर्मकाच्च
- even if it's used without an object;
- सम्प्रतिभ्यामनाध्याने
- jñā when it is used with sam or prati and does not imply regretful recollection;
- भासनोपसम्भाषाज्ञानयत्नविमत्युपमन्त्रणेषु वदः
- and vad in these situations: when it implies the shining or brilliance of something, persuasion, knowledge, effort, a difference of opinion, or flattery;
- व्यक्तवाचां समुच्चारणे
- when it implies that something is said simultaneously by many people,
- अनोरकर्मकात्
- either by itself or when used after anu and without an object;
- विभाषा विप्रलापे
- and optionally when it implies contradiction.
- अवाद्ग्रः
- ātmanepada affixes are used after the following verbs: gṝ when either used after ava
- समः प्रतिज्ञाने
- or used after sam when the verb implies a promise;
- उदश्चरः सकर्मकात्
- car when it is used with ud and is used with an object;
- समस्तृतीयायुक्तात्
- car when it is used with sam and is used with a word in the instrumental case;
- दाणश्च सा चेच्चतुर्थ्यर्थे
- dā when it is used with sam and used with a word that is in the instrumental case ["in the instrumental case" carries over from 1.3.54 above] but implies the dative case;
- उपाद्यमः स्वकरणे
- yam when it is used with upa and implies marriage;
- ज्ञाश्रुस्मृदृशां सनः
- jñā, śru, smṛ, and dṛś when followed by san [desiderative affix],
- नानोर्ज्ञः
- but not when jñā is used with anu,
- प्रत्याङ्भ्यां श्रुवः
- nor when śru is used with prati or ā;
- शदेः शितः
- and these verbs when followed by a śit affix: śad;
- म्रियतेर्लुङ्लिङोश्च
- and mṛ when followed by luṅ or liṅ affixes.
- पूर्ववत् सनः
- ātmanepada affixes are used after ātmanepada verbs followed by san [the idea here is that a verb keeps its "voice" when it becomes desiderative].
- आम्प्रत्ययवत् कृञोऽनुप्रयोगस्य
- ātmanepada affixes are used after kṛ when it is used, as an auxiliary verb, with a verb that both ends in ām [marker of the periphrastic perfect] and normally takes ātmanepada affixes.
- प्रोपाभ्यां युजेरयज्ञपात्रेषु
- ātmanepada affixes are used after the following verbs: yuj when it is used with pra or upa, unless it deals with sacrificial vessels;
- समः क्ष्णुवः
- kṣṇu when it is used with sam;
- भुजोऽनवने
- bhuj when it does not imply protection;
- णेरणौ यत् कर्म णौ चेत् स कर्ताऽनाध्याने
- and the following verbs when followed by the ṇi affix: those that do not imply regretful recollection and whose object before ṇi is attached to them becomes the subject after ṇi is attached to them [a roundabout way of saying: "passive verbs that have become causative, as long as they don't imply regretful recollection." SCV for the reason that Panini uses this clumsy explanation] ;
- भीस्म्योर्हेतुभये
- bhī ["to fear"] and smi ["to astonish"] when the hetu [causative agent] is a source of fear;
- गृधिवञ्च्योः प्रलम्भने
- gṛdh and vañc when implying deceit;
- लियः सम्माननशालिनीकरणयोश्च
- मिथ्योपपदात् कृञोऽभ्यासे
- स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले
- ātmanepada affixes are used after the following verbs when their subjects are affected by the result of the action: verbs marked with a svarita or an indicatory ñ;
- अपाद्वदः
- vad when it is used with apa;
- णिचश्च
- verbs followed by the ṇi affix;
- समुदाङ्भ्यो यमोऽग्रन्थे
- yam when used with sam, ud, or ā and not implying the use of a text;
- अनुपसर्गाज्ज्ञः
- jñā when used without an upasarga ["verb prefix"];
- विभाषोपपदेन प्रतीयमाने
- and optionally [for 1.3.72 - 1.3.76 above] when used with an upapada that indicates that the subject is affected by the result of the action. ["that the subject is affected by the result of the action" is implied from 1.3.72.]
- शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्
- All other verbs, when they indicate the agent, are parasmaipada.
- अनुपराभ्यां कृञः
- parasmaipada affixes are used after the following verbs: kṛ when it is used with anu or para [this rule overrides 1.3.32 above];
- अभिप्रत्यतिभ्यः क्षिपः
- kṣip when it is used with abhi, prati, or ati;
- प्राद्वहः
- vah when it is used with pra;
- परेर्मृषः
- mṛṣ when it is used with pari;
- व्याङ्परिभ्यो रमः
- and with ram in these situations: when it is used with vi or ā;
- उपाच्च
- and when it is used with upa,
- विभाषाऽकर्मकात्
- although it is optionally so when used intransitively.
- बुधयुधनशजनेङ्प्रुद्रुस्रुभ्यो णेः
- parasmaipada affixes are used after the following verbs when they have indicatory ṇi [causative affix]: budh, yudh, naś, jan, i, pru, and sru;
- निगरणचलनार्थेभ्यः
- verbs that imply "swallowing" or "moving";
- अणावकर्मकाच्चित्तवत्कर्तृकात्
- and verbs that, before they become causative, are intransitive and have a thinking being for their agent;
- न पादम्याङ्यमाङ्यसपरिमुहरुचिनृतिवदवसः
- but not pā, dam, āyam, āyas, parimuh, ruc, nṛt, vad, and vas.
- वा क्यषः
- parasmaipada affixes are optionally used after the following verbs: those ending in kyaṣ;
- द्युद्भ्यो लुङि
- those in the list starting with dyut when luṅ affixes follow;
- वृद्भ्यः स्यसनोः
- those in the list starting with vṛt when sya or san affixes follow;
- लुटि च कॢपः
- and kḷp when luṭ ["1st" or "periphrastic" future] affixes follow. (kḷp is in the list starting with vṛt, so 1.3.92 above applies to it.)